The United States Supreme Court Marbury v Madison

Presentation The instance of Marbury v Madison 5 U.S 137 (1830) is one of the most prominent cases in the United States. Throughout the years, researchers have introduced changing perspectives concerning the legitimacy of legal audit as one of the jobs of the Supreme Court and its impact on partition of forces between the legal executive and congress.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Justice Robert H. Jackson underscores the issue that the legal audit process makes by allowing the legal executive capacity to invalidate laws passed by the delegate body of the administration along these lines restricting the intensity of the dominant part to administer the nation. Then again, legal survey gives a road through which the legal executive gives balanced governance to the assembly, along these lines guaranteeing adherence of laws to the constitution. Constitution c reators in the United States pick the constrained dominant part rule alternative as their favored philosophy. This paper investigates contentions by Lawrence Baum and Timothy Johnson on the legitimacy of this decision. The creators talk about issues with respect to the dynamic procedure in the Supreme Court and its impacts on administrative arrangements. As I would like to think, restricted lion's share rule benefits all parts of government just as the individuals that the establishments serve. It likewise guarantees that individuals from congress authorize approaches that address the necessities of the American culture rather than individual needs of the administrators, accordingly making it the better choice of the two decisions as clarified in this paper. Contentions on the side of restricted larger part rule Lawrence Baum in his book, The preeminent Court, clarifies that the one of the fundamental issues producing discussion with in regards to the job of the Supreme Court is the way that the job concedes the court the capacity to invalidate laws made by congress. With all due respect of the usage of legal audit, he causes to notice a qualification between the desire of the dominant part regarding the general public and the desire of the larger part concerning the individuals from the assembly. He expresses that a large portion of the researchers who present assessments against legal audit regularly ignore the contrast between the two ideas of the term larger part in their investigation of circumstances. As he would see it, rules that neglect to agree to the established arrangements regularly speak to the desire of the dominant part as far as individuals from the assembly and note with reference with the American individuals (Baum 32). He states further that in situations when the desire of both the general public and individuals from Congress is apparent the Supreme Court regularly gives its help through its decisions.Advertising Looking for paper on sacre d law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, during examples when it is clear that the desire of the dominant part just speaks to the desire of the agents of the individuals and not simply the individuals, the legal survey makes an edge where the courts can secure the premiums of the American individuals by restricting the intensity of the lion's share (Baum 38). On account of Marbury v Madison, the court gave its purpose behind excusal of the request as repugnancy of the rule, which gave the premise to the appeal. For the situation, President John Adams designated William Marbury Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia. It was the obligation of the Secretary of State at that point, James Madison, to convey the commission to Marbury. Notwithstanding, Madison wouldn't convey the commission, subsequently provoking Marbury to request of to the Supreme Court looking for requests to compel Madison to convey the comm ission in spite of the fact that the court found that Madison acted unlawfully by neglecting to convey the commission, it eventually controlled against Marbury. he court found that the arrangement of the Judiciary Act, under which Marbury had appealed, was illegal as it broadened the court’s unique ward built up under Article III of the constitution. The article set up the legal branch just as forces the branch should work out. The court excused the appeal and clarified that it had no commitment to keep a resolution made by Congress that made arrangements in opposition to those of the constitution. Boss Justice John Marshall saw the arrangements of the resolution as repulsive and in this way prohibited in deciding the case. An examination of the case with Baum’s contention on the substance establishing the greater part uncovers that legal audit for this situation constrained the standard of the individuals from Congress instead of the American individuals. Baum shields the restriction of greater part rule for this situation by expressing that the court likewise assumes the job of protecting the respectability of the constitution as a feature of its usage. As per Baum, the constitution shapes the major law that lays ground for the age of the remainder of the laws in any general public. In his examination of the issue, he includes that the constitution speaks to the major arrangements that characterize a general public and oversee its reality. Along these lines, whatever other approaches that neglect to agree to the arrangements of the constitution bomb in their portrayal of the dominant part (Baum 60). In his viewpoint subsequently, invalidation of such resolutions by courts brings about the assurance of the desire of the individuals as opposed to its impediments. As indicated by this avocation, legal audit limits greater part rule in occurrences when the dominant part is a substance other than the American open and is along these lines legitimate .Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the contentions that legislators have progressed against this point of view of the larger part decide is that the lawmaking body goes about as an agent element of the individuals in government and in this manner the sculptures it sanctions speak to the desire of the individuals. Baum elucidates that despite the fact that the governing body speaks to its electorates, the choices singular individuals from Congress make are some of the time demonstrative of individual interests and conflict with the sacred arrangements. He demands that the court’s command with respect to legal survey works chiefly as indicated by the defendability of a rule (Baum 65). Another contention that a few researchers advance against the confinement of lion's share decide is that courts utilize legal audit to direct laws and make open doors f or the production of different laws ideal for the organization. This contention stems out of the reason that a portion of the techniques that the legal executive uses to decipher resolutions permit it to violate its order and accept the intensity of the assembly. Such researchers note that one of the barriers the legal executive gives for such activity is the nonattendance of administrative arrangements on certain issues and ambiguity in others. They include that by restricting the larger part rule, the courts support the tirelessness of such insufficiencies and in this way make a domain that permits them to ‘create’ laws through case law and control the heading wherein Congress makes laws. For example Timothy Johnson, creator of Oral Arguments and Decision Making in the United States Supreme Court, makes reference to the utilization of points of reference as one of the strategies judges of the Supreme Court apply when deciphering rules and deciding. He clarifies that t he utilization of the rule of points of reference in the event that law requires judges of the Supreme Court to consider choices the court has made previously, showing comparable realities under comparative conditions. As a rule, attorneys additionally utilize this guideline to help their cases and make convincing contentions (Johnson 43). Despite the fact that the contention bears some reality, it is basic to welcome that legal survey looks for not to shorten the capacity of the lawmaking body to make laws, yet it just forestalls the use of offensive resolutions because of their unlawfulness. Johnson clarifies that despite the fact that the Supreme Court once in a while puts together a portion of its choices with respect to case law, it all things considered considers different variables including legal law.Advertising Searching for paper on established law? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More He includes that case law frequently serves to clear questions with respect to the utilization of certain legal arrangements in situations where the arrangements bear more than one importance (Johnson 52). Baum’s commitment in regards to the utilization of case law in dynamic is that it makes some consistency and takes out the chance of opposing use of the law by the Supreme Court. Truth be told, the component of consistency in the use of case law makes the detailing of legal laws simpler as it permits legislators to spot holes in authoritative arrangements and roll out proper improvements, naturally. He accentuates that the Supreme Court can't make laws and along these lines depends on the contribution of Congress in amending legal deficiencies (Baum 72). In situations where Congress neglects to recognize such holes in enactment, the courts keep on utilizing case law. It is additionally critical to take note of that the commencement of case law relevant as points of reference consistently depends on existing laws. Any generous modification in the legal arrangements on which such case law is established inspires detailing of new case law, which joins the current changes. The old cases just serve to convince the court on purposes of law. End It is important that the judiciary’s capacity to invalidate laws passed by Congress just hurries to the degree of the illegality of such laws. This arrangement guarantees that the legal executive likewise remains inside its command and doesn't stretch out its order to incorporate creation laws through objection to laws that don't interest the institution’s int

Helicopter vs Airplane free essay sample

Today, I might want to present to you on the subject, the examination among helicopters and a planes. As we as a whole know, both are an extrodinary flying wonder. A hundred years back, who might have however of the chance of a man flying? On account of the Wright Brothers, this fantasy is currently a living wonder. Wether it is a helicopter or a plane, the two of them share a similar motivation behind creation our life simpler. Other than that, the two of them utilizes a similar fundamental standard of flight which are aerofoil and the Archimedes’ guideline. In spite of the fact that they are not so much the equivalent in the they apply these speculations however in a manner they are comparative. Regardless of whether fixed or turning the wing accomplishes lift because of its shape. The upper side is adjusted making passing air quicken. This makes the air less thick making a low weight contrasted with air beneath the wing which produces the lift. In addition, the two helicopters and planes are broadly use in a wide range of fields. Comercial, military, search and salvage, and law implementation to give some examples. In addition, these two flying machines are exorbitant as far as upkeep, account just as advancement. Despite the fact that, later on, measurements shows that the avionics business will develop definitely. This shows both are essential components in the everlasting development of our future. In actuality, or the distinctions in the event that you may, is that a planes produce lift by traveling through the air while helicopters pivot their wings permitting them to create lift without forward movement. To fly, helicopters have a propellers while planes have a motor that gives push to push it through the air, which powers air over the wings and make lift that permits the plane to climb. Helicopters have a principle propellor sharp edges that turn about a vertical pivot. This huge rotor gives the lift and forward movement to the helicopter. They likewise has a littler rotor at the tail that balances the torsional powers made by the torque of the principle rotor. Aside from that, the inconvenience of helicopters are speed and limit. Speed is constrained by the withdrawing wing or cutting edge. Forward velocity and edge speed joined can't surpass the speed of sound. Limit is constrained because of the vitality required in turning the cutting edges and its resultant drag. Fixed wing airplanes then again, require less force for lift as they exploit forward energy. This implies they are equipped for more noteworthy speed, higher burden limit and improved fuel utilization. This will at that point result to an a lot less expensive working expenses contrasted with a helicopter. Albeit, clearly in view of its capacity to drift helicopters have the upside of arriving in little spaces and float in the occasion payload or work force should be lifted or embedded. This certainly wasn't possible by a plane. As a result of its dependant on the lift created by an enough progression of air at a specific speed, planes need a long runway. Which means to state, it isn't as adaptable as a helicopter with regards to landing and take off. Other minor contrasts between a helicopter and a plane are planes can travel a more drawn out separation in a solitary flight contrasted with a helicopter. Planes travel in a more prominent speed and they really coast trough the air which make them fly smoother and equipped for accomplishing huge spans. Then again, helicopters don't go as quick and as smooth. Other than that, most helicopters don't have wheels, they have these edges rather to help their body. Though most planes have wheels except if they are creatures of land and water or they are vulnerable areas where they land on day off. All things considered, I for one in adoration with both of this aeronautics wonders. In spite of their disparities the two of them share the equivalent most significant part of all. To serve and help us in our life. I think the distinctions are the things that made them extraordinary in their own particular manner. Expectation that you appreciate the introduction and thank you for your time. HELICOPTER VS AIRCRAFT Let me uncover all of you with the distinctions and likenesses between the plane and helicopter. Planes and helicopters are both significant types of air travel, however there are extraordinary contrasts between them. The primary significant distinction among planes and helicopters is their shape and structure. Planes, for instance, have long; thin bodies with wings while helicopters have round bodies and propellers instead of wings. Another contrast among planes and helicopters is their speed. Planes can travel amazingly quick. Helicopters, then again, are much more slow than planes. A plane must have some sort of foward movement to pick up wind stream over the wings to along these lines make lift. Where as the helicopter can just turn its primary rotor (wings) around to make lift, without expecting to have a foward movement. Obviously with these distinctions in structures, the two of them have various positives and negatives. For example, a chopper can float, and plane can't (by and large). Albeit a plane can regularly fly quicker, and higher than a chopper. So relying upon your job prerequisites, either choppers or planes would be more qualified. A plane must have some sort of foward movement to pick up wind stream over the wings to in this way make lift. Where as the helicopter can basically pivot its principle rotor (wings) around to make lift, without expecting to have a foward movement. Obviously with these distinctions in plans, the two of them have various positives and negatives. For example, a chopper can float, and plane can't (for the most part). Albeit a plane can regularly fly quicker, and higher than a chopper. So relying upon your job necessities, either choppers or planes would be more qualified. Helicopter is revolving wings airplane where wings will turn while plane is fixed wings airplane where wings are fixed. Helicopter can float and can fly reverse way and can make vertical take off. While plane can not float amp; fly back ward, and by and large they are level take off machine (Some vertical take off model are additionally accessible). Helicopter can not fly at fast and at extremely high elevation contrast with plane. For same drop weight amp; to cover same separation fuel utilization of helicopter is a lot higher than plane. Plane need a smooth territory (Runway) to land and take off, while helicopter can land and take off in unpleasant landscape moreover. Because of higher number of turning parts vibration in helicopter is a lot higher in helicopter contrast with plane. Seat Ejection is conceivable in contender plane which is unimaginable in helicopter. A plane needs to consistently push ahead all together t keep air streaming over the wings, which is the thing that keeps it noticeable all around. A helicopter can drift, which means it doesnt need to consistently be pushing ahead, in light of the fact that its cutting edges move, keeping the air streaming over them. Fixed-wing airplane and helicopters both create lift by utilizing at least one motors to drive a wing or wings (a rotor edge is nothing more nor not exactly a specific sort of wing) through the air. At the point when the measure of lift produced defeats the power because of gravity following up on the airplane (helicopters are airplane as well! ) the airplane flies. Since the wings on a fixed-wing airplane are fixed the entire airplane needs to travel through the air with the wing though a helicopters rotor infers its lift freely of the movement of the remainder of the airframe. What's more, that is the key contrast and clarifies why a helicopter can drift however a fixed-wing airplane can't. Planes and helicopters is their course of departure and flight. Planes take off evenly and can move a forward way in particular. They need a great deal of room for departure and landing. Planes normally convey a few hundred travelers. Helicopters, be that as it may, take off vertically and can move toward any path. Helicopters require an extremely little departure or landing space, and most helicopters convey just two to five travelers. As a result of the incredible contrasts among planes and helicopters, each is utilized for a particular reason. Planes and helicopters, thusly, are both significant types of air travel. The similitudes are they are both worked and fly in the air,both of them cause noises,its advantageous for individuals to go significant distances in them and they are pricey. Taking everything into account, both have their own focal points and weaknesses and both plane and helicopters have its own upsides and downsides, contingent upon your job necessities.

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Opening with a Famous Quote

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Opening with a Famous Quote Beginning an essay with a famous or eloquent quotation is a common practice and one that business school candidates can use to capture a reader’s attention. For example, an applicant might use a quotation as the very first line of his or her essay: “The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint enough to keep from meddling with them while they do it.” â€" Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt’s words are as true today as when he spoke them. The essence of a manager is… Another option is to embed the quotation within the first line of the essay, as shown in the following example: As Peter F. Drucker said, “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.” I have found the distinction between management and leadership especially important… There is really only one rule about using quotations: do not overdo it! One grand quotation per application (not per essay!) is sufficientâ€"but it is certainly not mandatory. When deciding whether to include a quotation in one of your essays, consider the following: • Does the quotation fit the essay’s main theme? • Does the quotation reflect who you are or what you believe? • Does the quotation enhance the essay? If you answer yes to all of these questions, making the quotation a part of your narrative just might be a good idea. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips

Twelfth Night Film Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 985 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Twelfth Night Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Issues of gender identity and alternative sexualities register differently when reading twelfth Night than in viewing the globe production by James Bulman in Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe. When reading twelfth Night, gender identity and sexuality is used as a concept for self-identity. The way Viola cross-dresses as Cesario helps in showing how much she benefited when she was a woman than when she was a man. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Twelfth Night Film Essay" essay for you Create order Dramatic irony quotes such as A little thing would make me tell them how much I lack of a man (III, IV, 255-6) reoccur throughout the play and is seen as a reminder that the characters have an underlying femininity. Viola goes through a change of identity and just like her name her behavior disrupts the conservative female behavior. She lived in a male authoritative society alone after she lost her brother and father which was hard. However, she works as a male and takes on the male attire, the male dress is seen as practical means of survival although she identifies herself as a female. By cross-dressing Viola replaces herself as male and takes control of her own life. On the other hand, viewing the globe production by James Bulman in Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe, issues of gender identity and cross-dressing are seen as performative as opposed to innate (Bulman 75). Gender is seen as a sexual desire and a cultural construct as opposed to just a simple difference in biology. This means that gender is identified by situational behavior and external code of conduct rather than an interior and essential gender identity. The second way when reading twelfth Night issues of gender identity and sexuality is seen through extra-textual cross-dressing. Gender coherence of characters is seen in a dramatic text and can be displayed through cross-dressing. By using such a character in the text, the character is forced at different times to play the roles of both female and male. Using double entendre and dramatic irony helps to enhance the characters relationship with the readers. The way that Cesario as Viola is resourceful, empathetic and can show different desires when it comes to different characters shows that the representation of the cross-dresser is positive. Issues of gender identity and alternative sexualities register differently in viewing of the globe production described by James Bulman in Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe are however different. Cross-dressing is seen as a way of adding comic effect to the play. According to Bulman Drag is a sly parody of femininity (84).This means that the actors are cross-dressed and dressed in drag so as to add what Bulman calls comic benefits of drag (84). Therefore, the play avoids the choice of a traditional cast of the play and also the all-male comedic aspect. According to James C. Bulman notes, the all-male production differs from a traditional version, in which men play men and women play women as it casts an all-male members for the plays(76). The Elizabethan stage is different from the traditional version where each gender would play their gender roles. This means that it was an all-male cast and wore Elizabethan dress as the male cross-dressed. The Elizabethan stage or an all-male production is a stage where considerable multiplicity and fluidity is seen when it comes to channeling sexual energies. I agree with Bulmans thesis that a traditional version would not be the same and it would have eliminated the pun and the comic relief of the cross-dressed men. The casting of Viola disguised as the page Cesario is proved to be more acceptable as in the globe performance, the all-male cast acted as an alienating device to identify with sexual desire and gender identity. The audiences were receptive to the gender provocations in a popular venue like the globe which heavily appeals families, tourists and school children. If I was producing a version of this play, I would you cast it with regards to gender the traditional cast for the play. This is because a traditional casting would is simple and it will appeal to majority of the audiences. By casting male-male and female-female in their true gender, the audiences would have it easy to understand issues of gender identities and alternative sexualities in line of who is male and who is female. However, the traditional casting would have its disadvantages as the element of humor in the play is sacrificed which is addressed in a direct way when an all-male cast is featured. The main factor which would impact my decision on the type of production would be the type of audience attending the play. Possibly, if the play was to be produced to an audience that is familiar with Shakespeare and Twelfth Night, I would have considered an all-male production. This will help increase the cosmic effect and potential humor throughout the play. Therefore, this means that my choice of casting will depend on the circumstances as well as the audiences involved in the play. Another way in which the audience would impact my choice of casting is that those who have read or are familiar with Shakespeare and Twelfth Night would embrace the homoerotic undertone during the production. For example, when reading twelfth Night Antonio when talking to Sebastian says that I could not stand behind you. My desire, /more sharp than filed steel, did spur me fourth (3.3.4-5). This way, Antonio and Sebastians relationship can be seen to be embracing a homoerotic undertone. However, when it comes to the production Antonio can be seen as a mentor and even a care giver to Sebastian. Therefore, first time audiences would have a problem when it comes to identifying the homoerotic nature of Antonio and Sebastians relationship. References Bulman, James C. Bearding the Queen: Male Cross-Dressing at the New Globe. Shakespearean Performance: New Studies (2008): 74-91. Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Twelfth Night. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1928. Print.

How to Write Great Ledes for Feature Stories

When you think of newspapers, you probably tend to focus on the hard-news stories that fill the front page. But much of the writing found in any newspaper is done in a much more feature-oriented way. Writing ledes for feature stories, as opposed to  hard-news ledes, requires a different approach. Feature Ledes vs. Hard-News Ledes Hard-news ledes need to get all the important points of the story — the who, what, where, when, why, and how — into the first sentence  or two, so that if the reader only wants the basic facts, he or she gets them quickly. The more of a news story he or she reads, the more detail he gets. Feature ledes, sometimes called delayed, narrative, or anecdotal ledes, unfold more slowly. They allow the writer to tell a story in a more traditional, sometimes chronological way. The objective is to draw the readers into the story and to make them want to read more. Setting a Scene, Painting a Picture Feature ledes often begin by setting a scene or painting a picture of a person or place. Here’s a Pulitzer Prize-winning example by Andrea Elliott of The New York Times: The young Egyptian professional could pass for any New York Bachelor. Dressed in a crisp polo shirt and swathed in Cologne, he races his Nissan Maxima through the rain-slicked streets of Manhattan, late for a date with a tall brunette. At red lights, he fusses with his hair. What sets the Bachelor apart from other young men on the make is the chaperone sitting next to him — a tall, bearded man in a white robe and stiff embroidered hat. Notice how Elliott effectively uses phrases like â€Å"crisp polo shirt† and â€Å"rain-slicked streets.† The reader doesnt yet know exactly what this article is about, but he or she is drawn into the story through these descriptive passages. Using an Anecdote Another way to begin a feature is to tell a story or an anecdote. Here’s an example by Edward Wong of The New York Times Beijing bureau: BEIJING — The first sign of trouble was powder in the baby’s urine. Then there was blood. By the time the parents took their son to the hospital, he had no urine at all. Kidney stones were the problem, doctors told the parents. The baby died on May 1 in the hospital, just two weeks after the first symptoms appeared. His name was Yi Kaixuan. He was 6 months old. The parents filed a lawsuit on Monday in the arid northwest province of Gansu, where the family lives, asking for compensation from Sanlu Group, the maker of the powdered baby formula that Kaixuan had been drinking. It seemed like a clear-cut liability case; since last month, Sanlu has been at the center of China’s biggest contaminated food crisis in years. But as in two other courts dealing with related lawsuits, judges have so far declined to hear the case. Taking Time to Tell the Story You’ll notice that both Elliott and Wong take several paragraphs to begin their stories. That’s fine — feature ledes in newspapers generally take two to four paragraphs to set a scene or convey an anecdote; magazine articles can take much longer. But pretty soon, even a feature story has to get to the point. The Nut Graph The nut graph is where the feature writer lays out for the reader exactly what the story is all about. It usually follows the first few paragraphs of the scene-setting or storytelling the writer has done. A nut graph can be a single paragraph or more. Here’s Elliott’s lede again, this time with the nut graph included: The young Egyptian professional could pass for any New York Bachelor. Dressed in a crisp polo shirt and swathed in Cologne, he races his Nissan Maxima through the rain-slicked streets of Manhattan, late for a date with a tall brunette. At red lights, he fusses with his hair. What sets the Bachelor apart from other young men on the make is the chaperone sitting next to him — a tall, bearded man in a white robe and stiff embroidered hat. I pray that Allah will bring this couple together, the man, Sheik Reda Shata, says, clutching his seat belt and urging the Bachelor to slow down. (Here is the nut graph, along with the following sentence): Christian singles meet for  coffee. Young Jews have JDate. But many Muslims believe that it is forbidden for an unmarried man and woman to meet in private. In predominantly Muslim countries, the job of making introductions and even arranging marriages typically falls to a vast network of family and friends. In Brooklyn, there is Mr. Shata. Week after week, Muslims embark on dates with him in tow. Mr. Shata, the imam of a Bay Ridge mosque, juggles some 550 marriage candidates, from a gold-toothed electrician to a professor at Columbia University. The meetings often unfold on the green velour couch of his office or over a meal at his favorite Yemeni restaurant on Atlantic Avenue. So now the reader knows – this is the story of a Brooklyn imam who helps bring young Muslim couples together for marriage. Elliott could just as easily have written the story with a hard-news lede something like this: An imam based in Brooklyn says he works as a chaperone with hundreds of young Muslims in an effort to bring them together for marriage. That’s certainly quicker. But it’s not nearly as interesting as Elliott’s descriptive, well-crafted approach. When to Use the Feature Approach When done right, feature ledes can be a joy to read. But feature ledes aren’t appropriate for every story in print or online. Hard-news ledes are generally used for breaking news  and for more important, time-sensitive stories. Feature ledes are generally used on stories that are less deadline-oriented and for those that examine issues in a more in-depth way.

An Investigation Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth...

SOCB42- Classical Sociological Theory Professor Daniel Silver TUT0001 TA Katie Stuart Joyce (Fong) Liu 1001717458 Throughout the book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith uses the term â€Å"commercial society† rather than more accustomed words like â€Å"capitalism.† Smith explains what he means by this term, is when the division of labour has been once thoroughly established, it is but a small part of a man’s want which the produce of his own labour can supply. He supplies the far greater part of them by exchanging that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other’s men’s labour as he has occasion for. Every man thus lives by exchanging, or becomes in some measure a merchant, and the society itself grows to be what is properly a commercial society (Smith, 2003, p. 37). He was trying to say is that commercial society is a civilization where everyone is a merchant: a dealer, trader, and seller. Throughout the book, Smith starts having an agreement and disagreement on commercial society, which is a commercial society deforms human nature. However, continuing reading his book, there are more benefits of a commercial society than the drawbacks. A commercial society does not damage human nature, instead improves human nature by acting on one’s self-interest to bring positive benefits to society, connects and aids members of society together through trade andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Karl Marx and a Capitalist Society764 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx and a Capitalist Society Through out history money, wealth and capital have dictated a way of life to the masses. Wealth dictated the lives that the rich lived and the lives of the poor that worked for and surrounded them. 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Smith said, â€Å"Free trade is essential for the maximum development of wealth for any nation.† His views on mercantilism were that it was destructive to the economy because it drew wealth out of the markets and into the hands of royaltyRead MoreHow Are Natural Disasters Socially Constructed? Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesexamples, discuss how ‘natural’ disasters are socially constructed. While natural disasters such as floods, drought and hurricanes are commonly thought to occur due to environmental forces such as weather, climate and tectonic movements; a deeper investigation into the ‘disaster’ displays other contributing forces. Human factors have a large, if not equal, contribution to the occurrance and outcome of such disasters (Pelling, 2001). As Pelling (2001) argues, there is both a physical and human dimension

Lufthansa Airlines

Questions: 1. What type of international strategy has Lufthansa chosen and what means has it used to expand internationally? 2. Assess the elements and objectives of Lufthansa's cooperative strategies. 3. What options does Lufthansa have for managing cooperative strategies, protecting the company from risks, and sustaining success? How can Lufthansa's role in the Star Alliance influence performance? Answers: Introduction: Lufthansa, also known as Deutsche Lufthansa, is a German flag carrier. It is the largest airline in Europe. It operates in 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across America, Africa, Europe and Asia. It has a total of 280 aircrafts. Lufthansas offices and headquarters are in cologne. It was one of the five founding members of the Star Alliance which is the worlds largest airline alliance founded in 1997. 1. The international strategy of Lufthansa and its expansion world-wide: Lufthansa has chosen the transnational strategy to achieve global recognition.The market of Lufthansa has become saturated in Europe and like any other company it needed to expand outside. The transnational strategy has been successful due to the alliances that Lufthansa has made with other carriers, other partnerships and great customer service. Lufthansa, ever since has carried on with this strategy to become the undisputed leader of Europe. In order to expand internationally, Lufthansa has made strategic alliances with groups like Star Alliance which is the biggest of the global airlines alliances. The Star Alliance is comprised of 28 members including its five founders, Lufthansa, Air Canada, Thai airways, Scandinavian Airlines and United Airlines. This alliance has been able to give Lufthansa the opportunity to reduce resources and costs. This has been possible because it has shared its installation with other airlines partners. This resource sharing has lead to the gaining of higher profits. This alliance has also allowed Lufthansa to enter new markets without facing the risk of market entry and also without paying a vast amount of money. Lufthansa also acquired smaller carriers and created other alliances to launch new flying destinations. It entered The American market, with the joining of Continental Airlines within The Star Alliance (Tigrai Online, 2012). It is a competitive advantage of Lufthansa to be able to f ly in many international destinations. It has also formed partnerships with airlines in China and India which has opened new destinations for it. 2. The objectives and elements of Lufthansas Cooperative strategies: Lufthansas main aims are profitable growth and sustainability. Lufthansa has used a network Cooperative strategy that has allowed them to form many partnerships with the members of the Star Alliance. Lufthansa is involved with a number of cooperative strategies. These Strategies enable Lufthansa to serve its customers better, compared to its competitors and also help keeping their customers in a certain network. By combining capabilities and resources with the alliances Lufthansa has been able to offer more flights to its customers, more destinations, better service and better flight connections. Lufthansa has also been able to improve its network in transatlantic traffic by making alliances with airlines like United Airlines, continental airlines and Air Canada. For increasing its networks in Africa and Eastern Europe, Lufthansa has created strategic alliance with Brussels Airlines and Australian airlines (Miller, Vandome McBrewster, 2009). Lufthansas cooperative strategy: Being in a cooperative strategy is not free of risks .However, Lufthansa is aware of specific risks of partnerships and alliances and threats from competitors. These risks can happen if alliances are based on false notions and motives. Risks can also arrive if one of the partners fail o make the necessary investment for the development of a product or service needed for the purpose of the alliance. Thus in such cases, Lufthansa has to find suitable strategic partners who can help the alliance in positive ways (Drijber Dictus, 2014). The goal of Lufthansa was to expand and rescue the company by achieving a competitive market position in order to become a profitable company. Lufthansa adjusted itself to competitions and markets and reoriented its strategy. Lufthansa in order to initiate success went for strategic alliances and cooperation. In the personal arena, the aim was increase of employment. Lufthansa also initiated economic instruments, technical progress, operational measures and improved infrastructure for the success of the Airlines. 3. Contribution of Lufthansa towards Star Alliance: Lufthansa has contributed largely towards the future of Star Alliance (COMKOM GmbH, 2015). It provided it the best opportunity to operate successfully against competition. Lufthansas multi brand and multi hub strategies have contributed largely towards the future growth and stability of Star Alliance. Lufthansa with the integration with airlines such as Brussels airlines, has strengthened its position as a leading international network carrier. With the success of Lufthansa airlines the opportunity of Star Alliance is also increasing. Lufthansa is proving with the attractiveness for other airlines to join Star Alliance for its remarkable revenue growth and cost effectiveness. Airlines such as Air India have joined Star Alliance and many more Airlines have joined in the recent time. Conclusion: Lufthansa, also known as Deutsche Lufthansa, is a German flag carrier. It is the largest airline in Europe. Lufthansa has chosen the transnational strategy to achieve global recognition. Lufthansas main aims are profitable growth and sustainability (Brusselsairlines.com, 2015). The goal of Lufthansa was to expand and rescue the company by achieving a competitive market position in order to become a profitable company. Lufthansa has contributed largely towards the future of Star Alliance. References: Brusselsairlines.com,. (2015). Brussels Airlines and Lufthansa. Retrieved 19 February 2015, from https://www.brusselsairlines.com/en-lt/corporate/partnerships/brussels-airlines-and-lufthansa.aspx COMKOM GmbH, G. (2015). Group strategy - Corporate Facts - Lufthansa Group. Investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com. Retrieved 19 February 2015, from https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/fakten-zum-unternehmen/group-strategy.html Drijber, B., Dictus, G. (2014). Lufthansa. Markt En Mededinging, 17(1), 28-31. doi:10.5553/menm/138762362014017001005 Miller, F., Vandome, A., McBrewster, J. (2009). Lufthansa. Beau Bassin, Mauritius: Alphascript Pub. Tigrai Online,. (2012). Lufthansa Technik to Support Ethiopian Airlines 787 Fleet. Retrieved 19 February 2015, from https://tigraionline.com/news/2012/10/25/lufthansa-technik-to-support-ethiopian-airlines-787-fleet/

Film Analysis on Masculinity Let Me In

Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II

Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II The Battle of Monte Cassino was fought January 17 to May 18, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Fast Facts: Battle of Monte Cassino Dates: January 17 to May 18, 1944, during  World War II  (1939-1945).Allies Armies and CommandersGeneral Sir Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Mark ClarkLieutenant General Oliver LeeseUS Fifth Army British Eighth ArmyGerman Armies and CommandersField Marshal Albert KesselringColonel General Heinrich von VietinghoffGerman 10th Army Background Landing in Italy in September 1943, Allied forces under General Sir Harold Alexander began pushing up the peninsula. Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexanders forces advanced on two fronts with the Lieutenant General Mark Clarks US Fifth Army on the east and Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Montgomerys British Eighth Army on the west. Allied efforts were slowed by poor weather, rough terrain, and a tenacious German defense. Slowly falling back through the fall, the Germans sought to buy time to complete the Winter Line south of Rome. Though the British succeeded in penetrating the line and capturing Ortona in late December, heavy snows prevented them from pushing west along Route 5 to reach Rome. Around this time, Montgomery departed for Britain to aid in planning the invasion of Normandy and was replaced by Lieutenant General Oliver Leese. To the west of the mountains, Clarks forces moved up Routes 6 and 7. The latter of these ceased to be usable as it ran along the coast and had been flooded at the Pontine Marshes. As a result, Clark was forced to use Route 6 which passed through the Liri Valley. The southern end of the valley was protected by large hills overlooking the town of Cassino and atop which sat the abbey of Monte Cassino. The area was further protected by the fast-flowing Rapido and Garigliano Rivers which ran west to east. Recognizing the defensive value of the terrain, the Germans built the Gustav Line section of the Winter Line through the area. Despite its military value, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring elected not to occupy the ancient abbey and informed the Allies and Vatican of this fact. First Battle Reaching the Gustav Line near Cassino on January 15, 1944, the US Fifth Army immediately began preparations to assault the German positions. Though Clark felt the odds of success were low, an effort needed to be made to support the Anzio landings which would occur further north on January 22. By attacking, it was hoped that German forces could be drawn south to allow Major General John Lucas US VI Corps to land and quickly occupy the Alban Hills in the enemy rear. It was thought that such a maneuver would compel the Germans to abandon the Gustav Line. Hampering Allied efforts was the fact the Clarks forces were tired and battered after a fighting their way north from Naples (Map). Moving forward on January 17, the British X Corps crossed the Garigliano River and attacked along the coast putting heavy pressure on the German 94th Infantry Division. Having some success, X Corps efforts forced Kesselring to send the 29th and 90th Panzer Grenadier Divisions south from Rome to stabilize the front. Lacking sufficient reserves, X Corps was unable to exploit their success. On January 20, Clark launched his main assault with the US II Corps south of Cassino and near San Angelo. Though elements of the 36th Infantry Division were able to cross the Rapido near San Angelo, they lacked armored support and remained isolated. Savagely counterattacked by German tanks and self-propelled guns, the men from the 36th Division were ultimately forced back. Four days later, an attempt was made north of Cassino by Major General Charles W. Ryders 34th Infantry Division with the goal of crossing the river and wheeling left to strike Monte Cassino. Crossing the flooded Rapido, the division moved into the hills behind the town and gained a foothold after eight days of heavy fighting. These efforts were supported by the French Expeditionary Corps to the north which captured Monte Belvedere and assaulted Monte Cifalco. Though the French were unable to take Monte Cifalco, the 34th Division, enduring incredibly harsh conditions, battled their way through the mountains towards the abbey. Among the issues faced by Allied forces were large areas of exposed ground and rocky terrain that precluded digging foxholes. Attacking for three days in early February, they were unable to secure the abbey or the neighboring high ground. Spent, II Corps was withdrawn on February 11. Second Battle With the removal of II Corps, Lieutenant General Bernard Freybergs New Zealand Corps moved forward. Pushed into planning a new assault to relieve pressure on the Anzio beachhead, Freyberg intended to continue the attack through mountains north of Cassino as well as advance up the railroad from the southeast. As planning moved forward, debate began among the Allied high command regarding the abbey of Monte Cassino. It was believed that German observers and artillery spotters were using the abbey for protection. Though many, including Clark, believed the abbey to be vacant, increasing pressure ultimately led Alexander to controversially order the building to be bombed. Moving forward on February 15, a large force of B-17 Flying Fortresses, B-25 Mitchells, and B-26 Marauders struck the historic abbey. German records later showed that their forces were not present, through the 1st Parachute Division moved into the rubble after the bombing. On the nights of February 15 and 16, troops from the Royal Sussex Regiment attacked positions in the hills behind Cassino with little success.  These efforts were hampered by friendly fire incidents involving Allied artillery due to the challenges of aiming accurately in the hills. Mounting his main effort on February 17, Freyberg sent forward the 4th Indian Division against German positions in the hills. In brutal, close-in fighting, his men were turned back by the enemy. To the southeast, 28th (MÄ ori) Battalion succeeded in crossing the Rapido and captured the Cassino railroad station. Lacking armor support as the river could not be spanned, they were forced back by German tanks and infantry on February 18. Though the German line had held, the Allies had come close to a breakthrough which concerned the commander of the German Tenth Army, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, who oversaw the Gustav Line. Third Battle Reorganizing, Allied leaders began planning a third attempt to penetrate the Gustav Line at Cassino. Rather than continue along previous avenues of advance, they devised a new plan which called for an assault on Cassino from the north as well as an attack south into the hill complex which would then turn east to assault the abbey. These efforts were to be preceded by intense, heavy bombing which would require three days of clear weather to execute.  As a result, the operation was postponed three weeks until the airstrikes could be executed. Moving forward on March 15, Freybergs men advanced behind a creeping bombardment. Though some gains were made, the Germans rallied quickly and dug in. In the mountains, Allied forces secured key points known Castle Hill and Hangmans Hill. Below, the New Zealanders had succeeded in taking the railroad station, though fighting in the town remained fierce and house-to-house. On March 19, Freyberg hoped to turn the tide with the introduction of the 20th Armoured Brigade. His assault plans were quickly spoiled when the Germans mounted heavy counterattacks on Castle Hill drawing in the Allied infantry. Lacking infantry support, the tanks were soon picked off one by one. The next day, Freyberg added the British 78th Infantry Division to the fray. Reduced to house to house fighting, despite the addition of more troops, Allied forces were unable to overcome the resolute German defense. On March 23, with his men exhausted, Freyberg halted the offensive. With this failure, Allied forces consolidated their lines and Alexander began devising a new plan for breaking the Gustav Line. Seeking to bring more men to bear, Alexander created Operation Diadem. This saw the transfer of the British Eighth Army across the mountains. Victory at Last Redeploying his forces, Alexander placed Clarks Fifth Army along the coast with II Corps and the French facing the Garigliano. Inland, Leeses XIII Corps and Lieutenant General Wladyslaw Anders 2nd Polish Corps opposed Cassino. For the fourth battle, Alexander desired II Corps to push up Route 7 towards Rome while the French attacked across the Garigliano and into the Aurunci Mountains on the west side of the Liri Valley. To the north, XIII Corps would attempt to force the Liri Valley, while the Poles circled behind Cassino and with orders to isolate the abbey ruins. Utilizing a variety of deceptions, the Allies were able to ensure that Kesselring was unaware of these troop movements (Map). Commencing at 11:00 PM on May 11 with a bombardment using over 1,660 guns, Operation Diadem saw Alexander attack on all four fronts. While II Corps met heavy resistance and made little headway, the French advanced quickly and soon penetrated the Aurunci Mountains before daylight. To the north, XIII Corps made two crossings of the Rapido. Encountering a stiff German defense, they slowly pushed forward while erecting bridges in their rear. This allowed supporting armor to cross which played a key role in the fighting. In the mountains, Polish attacks were met with German counterattacks. By late on May 12, XIII Corps bridgeheads continued to grow despite determined counterattacks by Kesselring. The next day, II Corps began to gain some ground while the French turned to strike the German flank in the Liri Valley. With his right wing wavering, Kesselring began pulling back to the Hitler Line, approximately eight miles to the rear.  On May 15, the British 78th Division passed through the bridgehead and began a turning movement to cut off the town from the Liri Valley. Two days later, the Poles renewed their efforts in the mountains. More successful, they linked up with the 78th Division early on May 18. Later that morning, Polish forces cleared the abbey ruins and hoisted Polish flag over the site. Aftermath Pressing up the Liri Valley, the British Eighth Army immediately attempted to break through the Hitler Line but was turned back. Pausing to reorganize, a major effort was made against the Hitler Line on May 23 in conjunction with a breakout from the Anzio beachhead. Both efforts were successful and soon the German Tenth Army was reeling and facing being surrounded. With VI Corps surging inland from Anzio, Clark shockingly ordered them to turn northwest for Rome rather than cut off and aid in the destruction of von Vietinghoff. This action may have been the result of Clarks concern that the British would enter the city first despite it being assigned to Fifth Army. Driving north, his troops occupied the city on June 4. Despite the success in Italy, the Normandy landings two days later transformed it into a secondary theater of the war. Selected Sources BBC: Battle of Monte CassinoHistory: Battle of Monte Cassino

Social work and human services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social work and human services - Essay Example I have learnt that reflection can be used as a way to correct any misconceptions, distorted beliefs or even the assumptions previously formed that lack verification of knowledge (Mendes, 2003). It is the interpretations made by the reader during the reflection process that leads to transformations. I learnt that reflection is different from critical reflection not so much in intensity but in magnitude. Critical reflection does the exact things reflection does but instead of focusing on only one area, it spreads to cover the whole self. It therefore covers the beliefs, the feelings, the thoughts and even the action. Critical reflection looks at the whole picture when it comes to analysing anything that is complex and is therefore preferred in cases where the social worker wants to change the practice or the human services that have been previously used (Lyons, 2001). Ethics are meant to establish good or bad. What I had not learnt but did so in this course is about the existence of ethical challenges which affect the social worker while carrying out their duties of social relationship and social functioning. These ethical challenges affect the relationships, the boundaries that need to be established when carrying out the practice, the confidentiality and privacy of some issues about the clients as well as truthfulness. When the social workers are carrying out their work, they need to ensure that they apply the code of ethics of privacy, integrity, accuracy and not doing any harm to the clients as explained by (Garton, 1994). Learning about the codes and applying them protects the social workers from malpractice suits, being termed as incompetent by the clients, protecting their professionalism and professional identity as well as ensuring that they have self-regulating measures when working. The Australian code of ethics further insists on avoidance of conflict of interest and

Screening journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Screening journals - Essay Example The song itself has an overall feel of R&B mixed with hip-hop or electronic dance due to the low vocal ranges of the song, the use of a hook and repetitive melody and lyrics, which are not usually heard from songs by Beyoncà ©. However, despite the R&B shell of the song, it delivers a strong, feminist message based on the cultural background of people of color, namely Beyoncà © and featured artist Chimamanda Ngozi Adicihe and their cultural backgrounds as female African-Americans in modern US society. Such ideas are exemplified by the melodic lyrics â€Å"I took some time to live my life/ But don’t think I’m just his little wife† sung by Beyoncà © and a section of the spoken lines by Adicihe: â€Å"But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage/ And we don’t teach boys the same?†(Knowles, 2013). Based on the context, the lyrics contain the message that female African-Americans are only taught of such things and not allowed to have and live their own aspirations, ideas that are strongly-questioned in the song and are subjects of criticism as well. The video may seem confusing for some due to the combination of new and old elements, with the beginning and endings showing an old talent show clip and the song itself showing a dance club where Beyoncà © dances along with other people, as well as the inclusion of lyrics within the music video itself. However, despite seemingly-contradictory elements of the song, the opening and ending parts of the video are able to convey the message of needs for equality and feminism clearly, as it was seen in the last part that the male Caucasian-American group won by a star over the African-American female group, suggesting the societal bias against races considered to be the minority. These components can be observed and understood fully by viewers if they viewed the video from start to finish, and as such all elements (lyrics, vocal, visuals) are needed to convey

Drug Addiction Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction Essay Drug Addiction The topic that caught my attention when I was reading my choices was â€Å"Drug Addiction†. Drug addiction is something that should not be taken lightly by anyone who has a family member or friend with this issue. We often wonder how and what make people turn into being a drug addict. â€Å"Drug addiction is rooted in long-term adaptations within the brain that promotes escalating drug use, difficulty quitting, and relapse—all despite the awareness of negative consequences.† With that being said I have always wondered what keep a person going back to their addiction and why can’t they quit. When I read the article and it mention how drug addiction is rooted a light bulb clicked in my head. When something is rooted inside of you whether it is for good or bad it is hard to break. â€Å"It was previously hypothesized that addiction was caused in part of an imbalance between an impulsive system that governs appetitive motivation and is driven by immediate rewards on the one hand and a reflective system that regulate and control impulsive according to future pleasurable or aversive consequences.† With this study they were able to predict the hypothesis and see what causes addiction to happen in some cases. I think that the method used in order to see how people become an addict was efficient and it was very precise that made the validity of the experiment a success. It is important to make sure that your study is conducted in a manner that will give you a pretty accurate result when using different research methods. Also in the study they took a small sample size of addicts who quit smoking after a brain injury and they had a criteria that asked them some simple question and due to such a small sample size they were not able to get the laterality effects could not be verified statistically due to the small sample size like I mentioned earlier. The results of this study gave great evidence that insula is critical for psychological processes that maintain addiction to cigarette smoke. I have known people to have drug addiction and it just hurt your heart when you see them all strung out and can’t even help themselves. I have had family members and friends who have battled with this addiction. I want to research this addiction so that I can learn how a person can overcome this type of addiction. Any addiction is hard to break it is going to take a lot of will power from the addict in order for them to be set free of this addiction. You never know what could have pushed the addict into becoming a drug  addict. I want to be able to relate to an addict whether it is a friend, family member or just someone in general whom I would want to be able to help them overcome this addiction. Drug addiction is the most common addiction and I feel that if we get the proper research on how to give treatment to an addict then maybe t heir chances of becoming free will be greater. I just want to be able to talk with them and see what I can do to help them overcome this disease. That is why it is important that we take all necessary measures when it comes to us trying to aid a person who is addicted to drugs. Drug addiction is something that I want to do research so we can come up with a method that can slow it down. I know that it can never exist but we could at least work on slowing it down. In the studies that I chose we will be dealing with how addicts can be treated to prescription pain medication. I hear some people talk about taking other people medication because they like the way it makes them feel and they become addicted to it. Addiction is bad whether it is drugs, food and or alcohol we all know how serious this can be to anyone. In this is article they are launching their large scale national study evaluating a treatment for addiction to prescription drugs. â€Å"NIDA’s National Drug Abuse Treatments Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is conduct ing the multi-site study known as the Prescription Opiate Addiction Treatment Study (POATS).† â€Å"This study is in response to the growing national problem of prescription drug abuse in this country. According to the 2005 National Survey on drug use and health the incidence of new nonmedical users of pain relievers is now at 2.2 million Americans aged 12 and older surpassing the number of new marijuana abusers (2.1million). In 2005, more than six million American’s reported current (in the past month) nonmedical use of prescription drugs – more than the number abusing cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, and inhalants combined.† This clearly answers my question to how many people are addicted to prescription drugs versus to the other drugs. The data collected in this study shows that there are a lot of people addicted to prescription drugs and how it has increased and the results in this study show it. In this study the results showed that there were more people addicted to prescription drugs rather than your everyday drugs. I feel that this is giving everyone a clear view that prescription drugs that are for pain and can give you some kind of satisfaction can be a ddictive. This study covers a variety of areas like those addicted to painkillers and those who abuse painkillers due to nonmedical reasons. I found this study to be quite interesting because it will give us a general idea of the amount of people that are addicted to prescription drugs and those that take it for chronic pain and that are addicted. This study will enroll a total of 648 participants that will be carried out 11 sites around the country. The outcome of this study will be very efficient for all to know just how many people are suffering from being addicted to some type of drug. The second article let us know how much this disease is deeply rooted inside an addict’s brain. â€Å"Drug addiction is rooted in long-term adaptions within the brain that promotes escalating drug use, difficulty quitting, and relapse – all despite the awareness of negative consequences.† This article will answer my question as to why do addicts keep going back to that same drug trying to get the same high as the first time. In this study it will explain the role of the insula in drug addiction as well. I feel that all data collected from this article will be informative and the results of the study will be concise and easy to follow and understand. I just hope with my two studies that it will conform enough information about drug addiction to where it will give clarity to what steps we can take to stop this trend in drug addiction. When we look back at the studies done on this particular study you try and think back at all the methods that we have learned in this class. It really makes a difference when you read about a research design and now you are able to relate to the experimenter when you come across some of the studies. So far I think that the designs that the two studies I have written about couldn’t research it any better with the methods they have chosen. I came across another study entitled â€Å"Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment of severe heroin addiction: Rationale and design of the NAOMI study.† This particular article consist of this study targeting long term opiod dependents who have tried treatments conveniently in the past that are not currently in treatment who currently inject heroin. Now the sample size was based off of the outcome of the response and the retention. There was said to be two primary variables in this study they were evaluated with an alpha threshold of 0.025 which determined about 114 evaluable patients per group which yielded about 80% power in order to  detect increase of 20% of retention and response rate amongst the experimental groups provided. I think with the methods that they used they will have a broader testing ground in order to determine if the treatments are helpful to those that are an addict. Th is study involves a meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment of opiate addiction. In this study they used meta-analytic techniques in order to identify the risk factors that are given in this study. When it came to the design and measurements in this study it was a search of public literature that yielded 69 studies that reported some bivariate association between independent variables. I think when it comes to this type of research the clinicians and researchers try and make a way to prevent relapse and other issues that form when you become an addict. They want to try and come up with an intervention that will be able to help those that are in need. That’s why these studies are very important to them and taken very seriously. The studies in this research for meta- analysis were researched through computerized databases that is said to have indexed published scientific reports and many other sources in order to complete their research. I think as far as the methods that are being used couldn’t chose a better design to do There were also a total of six criteria’s that were met for the meta-analysis of this study. â€Å"The independent variable clearly specified a single patient –related construct, and not a conglomeration of multiple constructs. An example of a conglomeration is Suffet et.al’s (1978) â€Å"conventionality† variable that is based on four distinct constructs (level of heroin use intake to treatment, number of arrest, type of residence and employment). We excluded from consideration independent variables that referred to treatment program types, policies, practices, personal and setting.† This pretty much shows you the results and how they were able to determine if the treatment helped or not. In this study there were a total of 28 independent variables for which there was said to be two studies with the results on the relationship between the independent variable and continued drug use. This study has to do with cocaine addiction treatments to improve or reduce harm by (CATCH). This study is said to investigate possibilities and problems associated with pharmacological treatments. ‘The methods and designs used in this study by (CATCH) consist of three separate randomized controlled, open label, parallel group feasibility trials,  conducted at three separate addiction treatment institutes in the Netherlands. Patients are either new referral are already in treatment. With a total of 216 eligible outpatients are randomized using pre-randomization double-consent design and received either 12 weeks treatment with oral topiramate (n=36; Brijder Addiction Treatment, The Hague), oral modafinil (n=36; Arkin, Amsterdam), or oral dexamphetamine sustained release (n=36; Bouman GGZ, Rotterdam) as an add on to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or receive a 12 week CBT only (controls n= 3 x 36).† With this design I am sure that they will come out with a pretty good analysis of if cocaine harms or improve those that are in treatment for this addiction. In this review it let us know up front that they are not going to be able to cover the whole clinical addiction arena or the parts dedicated to treatments. Although within this study there was a conflict of interest within the testing methods used inside this review. Personally when you are conducting a study on something with a broader view you will tend to have a conflict of interest with in your results. There are so many methods out there that you can use to conduct a study just depends on what you are trying to research. This is a different study and it aims to describe the derivation of recent status scores for the ASI. â€Å"The design was 118 ASI -6 recent status items were subjected to nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Generalizability and concurrent validity of the derived scores were determined.† The sample size was 607 recent admissions to a variety of substance abuse treatment programs. I think that this study will a have great validity due to the fact that they used a variety of substance to test for this study. This is an interesting study which really caught my attention and this study aimed to explore the existential aspects of living with addiction. The design that was used in this study was called a Hermeneutic which I have never heard of this type of design apparently this was the right design th at was chosen to do this study although I am not familiar with it. When it came down to the methods used it was based on interviews within the first study with rich, personal experienced addicts. After the results it show that people living with addiction struggles with as long as it is existing within them. This study is talking about giving addicts their choice of drug for a variety of reasons. Can’t say that I would want to give an addict the drug of their  choice because I would want to try and help them overcome their addiction and not contribute to it. In this study it mentioned that offering drugs to the addict and by them determining if they can say â€Å"yes or no† to the drug does not help them make progress they need something to undermine them in order to get the results they need. I think that all the studies and reviews mentioned in my paper are really good ones they all have the intention to try and come to a solution to helping those that are addicted to drugs. Drug addiction like I mentioned earlier in my paper is a serious disease and it comes in many forms. I feel like this class has helped us learn that there are many methods and designs out there for us to be able to conduct a study or research and get the validity that we need to complete our study. References Cacciola, J.S., Alterman, A.I., Habing, B., McLellan, A.T. (2011). Recent status scores for version 6 of the addition severity index (ASI-6). Addiction, 106 (9), 1588-1602. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Naqvi, N. H., Bechara, A. (2010). The insula and drug addiction: An interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5-6), 435-50. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Nuijten, M., Blanken, P., Van Den Brink, W., Hendriks, V. Concaine addiction treatments to improve control and reduce harm (CATCH): New Pharmacological Treatment Options for Crack-Cocaine Dependence in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry 11.1 (2011): 135. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Nutt, D., Lingford-Hughes, A. (2008). Addiction : The clinical interface. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154 (2), 397-405. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Oviedo-Joekes, E., Nosyk, B., Marsh, D.C., Guh, D., Brissette, S., Gurtry, C.,†¦Schechter, M.T. (2009). Scientific and political challenges in North America’s first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment for severe heroin addiction: Rationale and design of the NAOMI study. Clinical Trials, 6 (3), 261-71. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Walker, T. (2008). Giving addicts their drug choice: The problem of consent. Bioethics, 22 (6), 314—20. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Wiklund, L. Journal of clinical nursing 17. 18 (Sep. 2008): 2426-2434. Existential aspects of living with addiction – Part I: Meeting challenges. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com Drug abuse, NIDA launces first scale national study to treat addiction to prescription pain medications. (2007). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 23-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com

Importance of Control in Staffords Traveling Through the Dark Essay

Importance of Control in Stafford's Traveling Through the Dark In William Stafford's "Traveling Through the Dark," the narrator encounters a dead deer on the edge of the road. He knows that the safe and proper course of action is to push the deer into the canyon, but when he finds that the doe was near giving birth before she died, he hesitates to kill the unborn fawn. Stafford's central idea in the poem revolves around the decision the narrator makes to sacrifice the deer in order to clear the road of obstacles, so that others who drive on the dark, narrow road won't have to swerve. The image of the deer evokes sympathy and compassion from the reader because the image isn't merely that of a dead animal. The second stanza describes the dead deer as the reader would expect. The narrator "stood by the heap, a doe, a recent killing; / she had stiffened already, almost cold." The lifeless deer, merely a heap of animal recently killed on the road, seems ready to be pushed into the canyon, but the next stanza reverses the image of the deer. The narrator approaches ...

Pros and Cons for Outsourcing

The Pros and Cons of Outsourcing services in the US By Berend Schoute (1713035), student of the VU university Amsterdam. INTRODUCTION Hillary Clinton, â€Å"I don't know what reality the Bush administration is living in, but it's certainly not the reality I represent, from one end of New York to the other. † This response came on the statement of the head of U. S. President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, Gregory Mankiw. He said: â€Å"outsourcing is just a new way of doing international trade,† which makes it â€Å"a good thing. † In the last decade most economists are a proponents of offshoring services outside of the US.They say that the benefits of outsourcing exceed the disadvantages. The main discussion is more likely a political one. It shows that a lot of citizens are pursuing protectionism to prevent any problems for American workers. THEORY Outsourcing occurs when a company fragmentizes a production process and sends this to another outsi de company. When companies are outsourcing to other countries/continents, it is also known as offshoring. A survey held by Lewin and Peeters (2006) showed that 90 of the 650 companies that are listed on the US Forbes Global 2000 are offshoring major business functions at that time.This outcome says that many major companies are interested in outsourcing jobs. Further outcomes mentioned that overall IT-functions (66% of the survey participants) are mostly shipped elsewhere, followed by Finance/accounting functions (60%). The most attractive destination for offshoring is India, where 60% of the functions of companies participated in the survey is to be offshored to. (Lewin and Peeters,2006) There are multiple arguments for offshoring jobs to another country. Some of these reasons can be examined by simply looking at the numbers, but most of them are abstract and difficult to catch.We speak of an omitted variable bias when a model that you create misses some important causal variables. The model can give you some positive results, but it isn’t reliable. This problem can occur in every survey, so the investigators need to be careful with the outcomes. The main argument for outsourcing is clearly labor cost reduction. The differences in wages are very large between the developing countries and the US. For example, an IT-specialist is paid $ 60 per hour on average in the US, where India pays this worker only $ 6 per hour.Although these cost benefits trough labor are substantial, extra costs incur when setting up the new offshore location. After taking all costs in account, there still is a cost reduction of 45 to 55 % (Mckinsey Global institute,2003). This cost reduction can cause a higher productivity because the domestic firm can focus on other important operations. Drezner (2003) said: ‘Thanks to outsourcing, U. S. firms save money and become more profitable, benefiting shareholders and increasing returns on investment. Foreign facilities boost deman d for U. S. roducts, such as computers and telecommunications equipment, necessary for their outsourced function. And U. S. labor can be reallocated to more competitive, better-paying jobs’. This statement is fully supported by most economists. The commodification process allows the spread of the benefits of IT-outsourcing even further, making the growth and the competitive advantage even greater (Drezner, 2003). A simple explanation of the advantage can be given by looking at the Heckscher-Ohlin model. This model simply suggests that countries that are capital abundant will export capital intensive products vice versa.For example it explains the fact that India focuses on labor intensive products because this abundance causes a competitive advantage caused by relatively low wages. In reality it’s off course more difficult, because the underlying assumptions are hardly realistic: 1. factors of production are perfectly mobile and 2. no difference in level of technology across countries. Drezner(2003) explained this by the following statement: ‘The logic underlying an open economy is that if the economy sheds jobs in uncompetitive sectors, employment in competitive sectors will grow.If hitech industries are no longer competitive, where will new jobs be created? ’ This previous theoretical introduction didn’t made the discussion between the pros and cons yet clear. It simply shoes some arguments of a proponent and a opponent. We still need hard evidence from both parties to give a good view on the truth. PROS VIEW Opponents of outsourcing are talking about the fact that American workers are losing their jobs cause of the labor movements. This is off course a fact, but what are the actual numbers ? The Mckinsey Global institute (2003) notes that in the upcoming 5 years , the growth was going to be around 30-40%.Forrester Research predicts that the total outsourced jobs will be around 3,3 million in 2015. According to projections, the hardest hit sectors will be financial services and information technology (IT). In one May 2003 survey of chief information officers, 68 percent of IT executives said that their offshore contracts would grow in the subsequent year (Mckinsey Global institute,2003). Therefore, at first sight the perception of the opponents is really sustainable. The total growth in the last two years (2002-2003) was really good, the productivity growth was even greater.The overall job growth have been really alarming. This indicates that the opponents are right in their perception. Controversially, if you unpack the numbers, you will find that 90% of all jobs in the US require geographic proximity. So these jobs were untouched anyway. The Forrester prediction of 3,3 million is spread over 15 years which means 220 thousand extra outsources jobs per year. Nowadays employment in the United States is about 130 million, and with approximately 22 million new jobs to be added till 2010, means that the ef fect of offshoring is less than 0,2% of American workers (Drezner,2003).Another argument of the proponents is that the net change in the outflow of workers against the inflow is negative. So the difference between insourcing workers because of foreign companies coming to the US and outsourcing is getting smaller. An important argument pro outsourcing is the fact that it increases the productivity of a company. The question we need to ask ourselves is can we confirm this increase with empirical evidence. Amiti & Wei (2006) investigated this question and have found some nice figures. In their survey hey tried to analyze whether there are any benefits of outsourcing in the productivity of a company. To prevent an omitted variable bias, they needed to find a valid instrument for service offshoring. In their regression model they used the number of internet hosts in the countries that supply the largest shares of services to the US. These outcomes reflect the changes in new technologies that would only affect US productivity through their effect on offshoring. Their empirical outcome was that there is a positive effect on productivity through outsourcing. CONSThe American citizens who are pursuing protectionism to prevent any problems for American workers. They say that they lose jobs because of outsourcing. This off course is true, but it’s important to look at the percentage that is reemployed. This number is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which tells us that 69% of the workers that lost their job due to offshoring, eventually is reemployed. In the previous, I only talked about low-skilled jobs outsourced to other countries. Nowadays a new trend is unfolding with the outsourcing of high value added jobs to ‘developing’ countries.For example radiologists who can be replaced by cheaper Indian radiologists that constantly are able to screen material that was send to them by US hospitals. The exact numbers aren’t clear because this trend recently came up. The debate about the high skilled outsourcing should focus on consolidating strength of the US in higher value added knowledge services where investment in human capital will be decisive. Until there is no empirical evidence of a negative effect of this kind of outsourcing, the US must focus on the quality of their higher value added knowledge services (Rudiger, K. 2007). There are also a couple of other disadvantages that come up when outsourcing services overseas. These disadvantages have been used by the opponents of outsourcing. A first struggle can be that a newcomer can find itself a unreliable supplier, which puts his work aside when finding a better paying partner or a supplier loses the workers who finds better paying jobs. In reality a supplier loses around 15 to 20 % of it’s workers each year (Weidenbaum, 2003). Other hidden costs or disruptions can be for example bad infrastructure, a lot of power blackouts and extra transportation cos ts.Weidenbaum also states ‘overseas managers often do not understand the American business environment: our customers, lingo, traditions, and high-quality control and expectations for prompt delivery of goods and performance of services’. These disadvantages can be prevented by good outsourcing preparation. CONCLUSION In the beginning of this essay I discussed the US protectionism to offshoring jobs. When looking at all the studies it came clear that offshoring brings substantially benefits to the economy of the US (and the world).In this essay we saw that firms can reduce costs up to 55 % of the particular department. Because of the cost reduction and productivity growth, the US can improve its output and competitive advantages against other countries. The disadvantages do not outweigh all the advantages of outsourcing discussed in this essay. When the politicians focus on the flexibility and quality of the economy they can create a win-win situation for the US. In the upcoming years next studies need to be about whether any skill group (high value added services in particular) is relatively more affected. REFERENCES Amiti & Wei. 2006). Service Offshoring and Productivity: Evidence from the United States. NBER Working Paper no. 11926. Drezner, D. (2004). The outsourcing bogeyman. Foreign Affairs. Mckinsey Global institute. (2003). Offshoring: Is It a Win-Win Game? † Weidenbaum. (2003). Outsourcing: Pros and cons. Business Horizons (2005) 48, 311—315 Lewin and Peeters (2006). â€Å"Offshoring work: Business hype or the onset of fundamental transformation? † Long Range Planning, 39(3): 221–239. Rudiger, K. (2007). Offshoring, a threat for the UK’s knowledge jobs? A working paper prepared for the Knowledge Economy Programme.

Gender Roles Peter Pan - 1247 Words

Gender Roles in Peter Pan J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan tells the story of â€Å"the boy who never grew up.† Barrie paints Peter as an extraordinary character living in a mystical world called Neverland, flying through the air, and fighting villainous pirates. He is also the boy who takes a young girl named Wendy from England back to Neverland with him. The interaction and interdependence of Barrie’s two characters, Peter and Wendy, symbolize and spread cultural gender stereotypes by mirroring the stereotypes embodied by the adult characters in the story—Mr. and Mrs. Darling—and by reflecting the ideas of gender roles of the time and foreshadowing the children’s understanding of reality and expectations, as well as their eventual maturation. Wendy’s father, Mr. Darling, sets the prime example for adult male stereotype. Barrie characterizes him as the breadwinner of the Darling family and a proud businessman. Throughout Barrie’s insight into his character, the reader observes him insist upon respect and obedience from his children and wife; and even the family dog. In one instance, Mr. Darling even boasts to Wendy that his wife, Mrs. Darling, not only loves him, but more importantly, respects him. This attitude as displayed by the character of Mr. Darling as the most prominent adult male influence can be argued to be associated with the male stereotype in many ways. Mr. Darling’s character in the text supports the culturally stereotypical view of the male gender as the Block 2Show MoreRelatedRoles Of Men And Women Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesIn the late 1800’s the roles of men and women are very different than what we see in today’s culture. Although we maintain a description of men being masculine and women being feminine, in recent years this topic has become either clarified or convoluted depending upon the culture a person was raised in. 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